Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. If left untreated, it could lead to disabilities in a small proportion of patients. Visible deformities are one of the leading causes of stigma affecting health-seeking behaviour and social inclusion. Early detection and prompt treatment with multidrug therapy (MDT) can significantly reduce the burden of leprosy. MDT has been made available through WHO free of cost to all patients worldwide since 1995. More than 17 million patients received MDT over the past four decades.

In addition to early diagnosis and treatment, contact tracing and prophylaxis with single-dose rifampicin for contacts are recommended as preventive measures by WHO. Recent strategies to eliminate leprosy promote combating stigma and discrimination, including persons affected by leprosy, building partnerships and coalitions of relevant stakeholders, and increased ownership by countries.

In 2023, 184 countries, areas and territories shared information on leprosy, accounting for 182 815 new cases, of which 72 845 (39.8%) were among females and 10 322 (5.6%) were among children. Globally, 9 729 new cases with G2D were detected and 266 (2.7%) of them were among children. Most of the countries with high rates of detection of new cases are in WHO African and South-East Asia Regions.