Cadmium exerts toxic effects on the kidneys as well as the skeletal and respiratory systems. It is classified as a human carcinogen. It is generally present in the environment at low levels; however, human activity has greatly increased levels in environmental media relevant to population exposure. Exposures potentially of particular concern for children include disposal and recycling of electronic and electrical waste, as well as toys, jewellery and plastics containing cadmium.

Cadmium can travel long distances from the source of emission by atmospheric transfer. It is readily accumulated in many organisms, notably mollusks and crustaceans. Lower concentrations are found in vegetables, cereals and starchy roots. Human exposure occurs mainly from consumption of contaminated food, active and passive inhalation of tobacco smoke, and inhalation by workers in a range of industries.

Interventions to reduce global environmental cadmium releases and occupational and environmental exposure include:

• increasing the safe and effective recycling of cadmium;
• minimizing emissions and discharges from activities such as mining and waste management;
• promoting safe working conditions for workers manipulating cadmium-containing products;
• promoting the elimination of use of cadmium in products such as toys, jewelry and plastics; and
• implementing the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, including providing for protection from exposure to tobacco smoke in workplaces and public areas.