e-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA)


An online library of evidence-informed guidelines for nutrition interventions and single point of reference for the latest nutrition guidelines, recommendations and related information.

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Exclusive breastfeeding for optimal growth, development and health of infants

Intervention | Last updated: 17 April 2023


Breastfeeding has many health benefits for both the mother and infant. Breast milk contains all the nutrients an infant needs in the first six months of life. Breastfeeding protects against diarrhoea and common childhood illnesses such as pneumonia, and may also have longer-term health benefits for the mother and child, such as reducing the risk of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence.

Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk. No other liquids or solids are given – not even water – with the exception of oral rehydration solution, or drops/syrups of vitamins, minerals or medicines.

WHO Recommendations


Infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life to achieve optimal growth, development and health.

Thereafter, to meet their evolving nutritional requirements, infants should receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods, while continuing to breastfeed for up to two years or beyond.



Evidence


Related Cochrane reviews


Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding

Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012; Issue 8. Art. No.: CD003517.

Summary of this review Alternate Text

Other related systematic reviews


The association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity: a meta-analysis

Yan J, Liu L, Zhu Y, Huang G, Wang PP. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14:1267.


Systematic review and meta-analyses of risk factors for childhood overweight identifiable during infancy

Weng SF, Redsell SA, Swift JA, Yang M, Glazebrook CP. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2012; 97(12):1019-26.


Long-term consequences of breastfeeding on cholesterol, obesity, systolic blood pressure and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Horta BL, Loret de Mola C, Victora CG. Acta Paediatrica. 2015; 104: 30–37.


Breastfeeding and intelligence: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Horta BL, Loret de Mola C, Victora CG. Acta Paediatrica. 2015; 104: 14-9.


Breastfeeding and maternal health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Chowdhury R, Sinha B, Sankar MJ, Taneja S, Bhandari N, Rollins N, et al. Acta Paediatrica. 2015; 104: 96–113.


Optimal breastfeeding practices and infant and child mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Sankar MJ, Sinha B, Chowdhury R, Bhandari N, Taneja S, Martines J, Bahl R. Acta Paediatrica. 2015; 104: 3–13.


Cost-effectiveness Learn More Alternate Text


Cost-effectiveness analyses


Scaling-up exclusive breastfeeding support programmes: the example of KwaZulu-Natal

Desmond C, Bland RM, Boyce G, Coovadia HM, Coutsoudis A, Rollins N, Newell ML. PLoS One. 2008; 3(6):e2454.


The FEeding Support Team (FEST) randomised, controlled feasibility trial of proactive and reactive telephone support for breastfeeding women living in disadvantaged areas

Hoddinott P, Craig L, Maclennan G, Boyers D, Vale L; NHS Grampian and the University of Aberdeen FEST Project Team BMJ Open. 2012 Apr 24;2(2):e000652.


Potential economic impacts from improving breastfeeding rates in the UK

Pokhrel S, Quigley MA, Fox-Rushby J, McCormick F, Williams A, Trueman P, et al. Arch Dis Child. 2015; 100(4):334-40.


Cost-effectiveness of peer counselling for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding in Uganda

Chola L, Fadnes LT, Engebretsen IM, Nkonki L, Nankabirwa V, Sommerfelt H, et al. PLoS One. 2015; 10(11):e0142718.