Infants and children are the groups that are most vulnerable to micronutrient deficiency, given the high vitamin and mineral intake they need to support their rapid growth and adequate development. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies, particularly of vitamin A, iron and zinc contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age.

Interventions to prevent and/or treat micronutrient deficiencies exist, including promotion of breastfeeding, fortification of staple and complementary foods, and provision of supplements. However, implementation bottlenecks and barriers (including lack of adherence to dosing regimens, low acceptability, poor distribution channels, lack of availability of skilled health workers) may reduce the effectiveness and impact of these, and other interventions to address micronutrient deficiencies.

Multiple micronutrient powders have been developed as alternative way of providing micronutrients to populations where other interventions are difficult to implement. Multiple micronutrient powders are single-dose packets of vitamins and minerals in powder form that can be sprinkled onto any ready to eat semi-solid food consumed at home, school or any other point of use. The powders are used to increase the micronutrient content of a child's diet without changing their usual dietary habits.

Multiple micronutrient powders have been shown to reduce the risk of iron deficiency and anaemia in children aged 2–12 years of age.