Evidence
Systematic reviews used to develop the guidelines
Hand washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea
Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI, Ehiri JE, Arikpo D, Meremikwu MM, Critchley JA. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015; Issue 9. Art. No.: CD004265.
Summary of this review 
Exploring the relationship between sanitation and mental and social well-being: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis
Sclar GD, Penakalapati G, Caruso BA, Rehfuess EA, Garn JV, Alexander KT, et al.
Soc Sci Med. 2018;217:121-134.
The Impact of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions on the Health and WellBeing of People Living With HIV: A Systematic Review
Yates T, Lantagne D, Mintz E, Quick R.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68 Suppl 3:S318-30.
Effect of sanitation and water treatment on intestinal protozoa infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Speich B, Croll D, Fürst T, Utzinger J, Keiser J.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):87-99.
Effects of sanitation on cognitive development and school absence: A systematic review
Sclar GD, Garn JV, Penakalapati G, Alexander KT, Krauss J, Freeman MC, et al.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017;220(6):917-927.
Assessing the impact of sanitation on indicators of faecal exposure along principal transmission pathways: A systematic review
Sclar GD, Penakalapati G, Amato HK, Garn JV, Alexander K, Freeman MC, et al.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2016;219(8):709-723.
Community-Led Total Sanitation: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review of Evidence and Its Quality
Venkataramanan V, Crocker J, Karon A, Bartram J.
Environ Health Perspect. 2018;126(2):026001.
Unsafe return of human excreta to the environment: A literature review
Williams AR, Overbo A.
Chapel Hill: The Water Institute at UNC, Chapel Hill; 2015.
The impact of sanitation interventions on latrine coverage and latrine use: A systematic review and metaanalysis
Garn JV, Sclar GD, Freeman MC, Penakalapati G, Alexander KT, Brooks P, et al.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017;220(2 Pt B):329-340.
The impact of sanitation on infectious disease and nutritional status: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Freeman MC, Garn JV, Sclar GD, Boisson S, Medlicott K, Alexander KT, et al.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017;220(6):928-949.
Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil‐transmitted helminth infection (protocol)
Majorin F, Torondel B, Ka Seen Chan G, Clasen TF. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014; Issue 4. Art. No.: CD011055.
What factors affect sustained adoption of safe water, hygiene and sanitation technologies? A systematic review of literature
Hulland K, Martin N, Dreibelbis R, DeBruicker Valliant J, Winch P.
London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London; 2015.
Related Cochrane reviews
Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea
Clasen TF, Alexander KT, Sinclair D, Boisson S, Peletz R, Chang HH, et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD004794.
Summary of this review
Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children
Dangour AD, Watson L, Cumming O, Boisson S, Che Y, Velleman Y, et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013; Issue 8. Art. No.: CD009382.
Summary of this review
Other related systematic reviews
Effectiveness and sustainability of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in combating diarrhoea
Waddington H & Snilstveit B. Journal of Development Effectiveness. 2009; Vol.1 No3:295-335.
Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta‐analysis and meta‐regression
Wolf J, Hunter PR, Freeman MC, Cumming O, Clasen T, Bartram J, et al.
Trop Med Int Health. 2018;23(5):508-525.
Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea
Cairncross S, Hunt C, Boisson S, Bostoen K, Curtis V, Fung ICH and Schmidt WP. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2010; 39 suppl 1:i193-i205.
Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis
Clasen T, Schmidt WP, Rabie T, Roberts I, Cairncross S. BMJ. 2007; 334(7597):782.
Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: a meta-analysis
Aiello AE, Coulborn RM, Perez V, and Larson EL. American Journal of Public Health. 2008; 98(8):1372–1381.
Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Fewtrell l, Kaufmann RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford JM Jr . The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005; Vol5, Issue1:42-52.
Systematic reviews
The impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions on the health and well-being of people living with HIV: a systematic review
Yates T, Lantagne D, Mintz E, Quick R.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015; 68 Suppl 3:S318-30.
Cost-effectiveness analyses
Cost-effectiveness of oral cholera vaccine in a stable refugee population at risk for epidemic cholera and in a population with endemic cholera
Murray J, McFarland DA, Waldman RJ.
Bull World Health Organ. 1998; 76(4):343-52.
The cost-effectiveness of forty health interventions in Guinea
Jha P, Bangoura O, Ranson K.
Health Policy Plan. 1998; 13(3):249-62.
Cost-benefit comparisons of investments in improved water supply and cholera vaccination programs
Jeuland M, Whittington D.
Vaccine. 2009; 27(23):3109-20.
Provision of bednets and water filters to delay HIV-1 progression: cost-effectiveness analysis of a Kenyan multisite study
Kern E, Verguet S, Yuhas K, Odhiambo FH, Kahn JG, Walson J.
Trop Med Int Health. 2013; 18(8):916-24.
Cost-effectiveness of water quality interventions for preventing diarrhoeal disease in developing countries
Clasen T, Haller L, Walker D, Bartram J, Cairncross S.
J Water Health. 2007; 5(4):599-608.
A reassessment of the cost-effectiveness of water and sanitation interventions in programmes for controlling childhood diarrhoea
Varley RC, Tarvid J, Chao DN.
Bull World Health Organ. 1998; 76(6):617-31.
Integrated HIV testing, malaria, and diarrhea prevention campaign in Kenya: modeled health impact and cost-effectiveness
Kahn JG, Muraguri N, Harris B, Lugada E, Clasen T, Grabowsky M, et al.
PLoS One. 2012; 7(2):e31316.
Cost-effectiveness and benefit–cost analyses of some water interventions in Nigeria: the case of Bauchi State
Uneze E, Tajudeen I, Iweala O.
Cost-effectiveness and benefit–cost analyses of some water interventions in Nigeria: the case of Bauchi State. Journal of Development Effectiveness. 2012; 4(4):497-514.
Saving a Life-Year and Reaching MDG 4 with Investments in Water and Sanitation: A Cost-Effective Policy?
Günther I, Fink G.
Eur J Dev Res. 2013; 25(1):129–153.
Cost-effectiveness of home-based chlorination and safe water storage in reducing diarrhea among HIV-affected households in rural Uganda
Shrestha RK, Marseille E, Kahn JG, Lule JR, Pitter C, Blandford JM, et al.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006; 74(5):884-90.
Is hygiene promotion cost-effective? A case study in Burkina Faso
Borghi J, Guinness L, Ouedraogo J, Curtis V.
Trop Med Int Health. 2002; 7(11):960-9.
Global costs and benefits of reaching universal coverage of sanitation and drinking-water supply
Hutton G.
J Water Health. 2013; 11(1):1-12.
