Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research (SRH)
Including the Human Reproduction Special Programme (HRP)

Family planning and contraception

Access to safe, quality and affordable contraceptive information and services, together with the prevention and treatment of infertility, allows people to have the number and timing of children they would like.

Ensuring access to preferred contraceptive methods for women and couples is essential to securing their well-being and autonomy, while supporting the health and development of communities. Evidence shows that in 2019, amongst the 1.9 billion women of reproductive age (15–49 years) worldwide, 270 million have an unmet need for contraception. Some women and girls face particular challenges – less than half of the need for family planning was met in Middle and Western Africa. Reasons for this include: fear or experience of side effects, limited access and choice, cultural or religious opposition, and poor quality of available services. Satisfying the demand for contraception would significantly reduce unintended pregnancies, unplanned births and induced abortions, as well as maternal morbidity and mortality; some forms of contraception can also help prevent transmission of STIs, including HIV.

Infertility affects millions of people globally, the vast majority of whom cannot access the essential interventions they need for various reasons. Despite the scale of infertility and its negative consequences for individuals, couples, families and communities, it is a neglected area of policy, programming and research. HRP is in a unique position to provide global leadership on infertility, helping people to fulfil their right to procreate.

Our work

Publications

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A step-by-step guide to South-South learning exchanges
This guide focuses on interactive learning exchanges with stakeholder teams exchanging knowledge and experience to help one or both of the teams work towards...
WHO recommendations on self-care interventions: Making over-the-counter emergency contraceptive pills available without a prescription

WHO strongly recommends making over-the-counter emergency contraceptive pills available without a prescription to individuals who wish to use emergency contraception. This...

Potential for strategic purchasing to promote person-centred provision of sexual and reproductive health services in low- and middle-income countries

This brief examines the relevance of strategic purchasing in optimizing person-centred approaches to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services and...

Documents

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WHO FP Accelerator Plus - Project Newsletter - Issue 7 | December 2024

The WHO FP Accelerator Plus project builds upon past efforts by the Family Planning (FP) Umbrella (2015-2018) and Accelerator projects (2019-2022) to...

WHO FP Accelerator Plus - Project Newsletter - Issue 6

The WHO FP Accelerator Plus project builds upon past efforts by the Family Planning (FP) Umbrella (2015-2018) and Accelerator projects (2019-2022) to...

Journal articles

2025

Castro A, Kabra R, Coates A, Kiarie J. Successful strategies that address gender-related barriers and promote bodily autonomy within efforts to scale up and sustain postpregnancy contraception: a scoping review. BMJ Glob Health. 2025;10(2):e016638. Published 2025 Feb 16. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2024-016638

Kidula N, Nguyen BT, Habib N, Kiarie J. The impact of male contraception on global sexual and reproductive health and rights. Contraception. Published online January 7, 2025. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2025.110811

2024

Kidula N, Nguyen BT, Habib N, Festin M, Toskin I, Kiarie J. The role of the World Health Organization in male contraceptive development. Andrology. 2024;12(7):1501-1505. doi:10.1111/andr.13675

Joshi B N, Bhavya M K, Prusty R K, Tandon D, Kabra R, Allagh K P, Khan S L Knowledge, perception and practices adapted during COVID-19: A qualitative study in a district in Maharashtra, IndiaThe Journal of community health management : JCHM, 28 Sep 2024, Vol. 11, Issue 3, pages 157 - 164.

Jahanfar S, Mortazavi J, Lapidow A, et al. Assessing the impact of hormonal contraceptive use on menstrual health among women of reproductive age - a systematic review. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. Published online July 15, 2024. doi:10.1080/13625187.2024.2373143

Tripathi V, RamaRao S, Kabra R, et al. Strengthening the family planning component of maternal health care: A new call to action to seize the opportunity provided by universal health coverage and primary healthcare frameworks. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2024;166(2):479-482. doi:10.1002/ijgo.15732

Jahanfar S, Mortazavi J, Lapidow A, et al. Assessing the impact of contraceptive use on mental health among women of reproductive age - a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024;24(1):396. Published 2024 May 30. doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06587-9

Tran NT, Ali M, Azmat SK, et al. Strengthening contraceptive counselling services to empower clients and meet their needs: protocol for a two-stage, multiphase complex intervention in Pakistan and Nigeria. BMJ Open. 2024;14(6):e081967. Published 2024 Jun 5. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081967

Jahanfar S, Maurer O, Lapidow A, Oberoi AR, Steinfeldt M, Ali M. A meta-analysis into the mediatory effects of family planning utilization on complications of pregnancy in women of reproductive age. PLoS One. 2024;19(3):e0294475. Published 2024 Mar 18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294475

Lassi ZS, Rahim KA, Stavropoulos AM, et al. Use of contraceptives, empowerment and agency of adolescent girls and young women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2024;50(3):195-211. Published 2024 Jul 12. doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2023-202151

Kabra R, Allagh KP, Kini BN, Kanke RM, Kiarie J. Scaling postpartum family planning services in the Democratic Republic of Congo: outcomes and lessons learned. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2024;50(2):146-149. Published 2024 Apr 11. doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2023-202114

2023

Ali M, Kiarie J, Shah I. Priorities for research on family planning impact: recommendations of a WHO Think Tank meeting. Fam Med Community Health. 2023;11(4):e002406. doi:10.1136/fmch-2023-002406

Millogo T, Chomi E, Kouanda S, Ali M. Getting Up to Date with What Works: A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness and Safety of Task Sharing of Modern Methods in Family Planning Services. Biomed Res Int. 2023;2023:8735563. Published 2023 Feb 7. doi:10.1155/2023/8735563

Boydell V, Steyn PS, Cordero JP, et al. The role of social accountability in changing service users' values, attitudes, and interactions with the health services: a pre-post study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2023;23(1):957. Published 2023 Sep 6. doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09971-x

Rehnström Loi U, Sorhaindo A, Embo M, Kabra R, Kiarie J, Ganatra B. Aligning health worker education and learning approaches with population health needs: WHO's Family Planning and Comprehensive Abortion Care Toolkit for the primary healthcare workforce. BMJ Glob Health. 2023;8(Suppl 4):e013256. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013256

Milford, C., Cordero, J., Nai, D., Shamba, D., Fuseini, K., Boydell, V., Tarimo, A., McMullen, H., & Steyn, P. (2023). The Methodological Approach to a Process Evaluation of a Community and Provider-Driven Social Accountability Intervention to Increase Contraceptive Uptake and Use. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. doi:10.1177/16094069231169890

Steyn PS, Cordero JP, Nai D, et al. The impact of community and provider-driven social accountability interventions on contraceptive use: findings from a cohort study of new users in Ghana and Tanzania. Int J Equity Health. 2023;22(1):167. Published 2023 Aug 28. doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01928-0

Azmat SK, Ali M, Rahman MM. Assessing the sustainability of two independent voucher-based family planning programs in Pakistan: a 24-months post-intervention evaluation. Contracept Reprod Med. 2023;8(1):43. Published 2023 Aug 22. doi:10.1186/s40834-023-00244-w

Nabhan A, Kabra R, Allam N, et al. Implementation strategies, facilitators, and barriers to scaling up and sustaining post pregnancy family planning, a mixed-methods systematic review. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):379. Published 2023 Jul 19. doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02518-6

Gonsalves L, Kamuyango A, Chandra-Mouli V. Pharmacies: an important source of contraception for some adolescents, but not a panacea for all. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2023;31(1):2221883. doi:10.1080/26410397.2023.2221883

Aderoba AK, Steyn PS, Kiarie JN. Implementation strategies to scale up self-administered depot medroxyprogesterone acetate subcutaneous injectable contraception: a scoping review. Syst Rev. 2023;12(1):114. Published 2023 Jul 4. doi:10.1186/s13643-023-02216-2

Kabra R, Chikvaidze P, Mubasher A, Allagh KP, Gholbzouri K, Kiarie J. Scaling-up post-pregnancy family planning services: experiences and challenges from Afghanistan. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2023;49(3):222-224. doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2023-201820

Allagh KP, Triulzi I, Kiarie J, Kabra R. Scoping review on the use of South-South learning exchange to scale up evidence-based practices in family planning. BMJ Glob Health. 2023;8(6):e011635. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011635

Kabra R, Joshi B, Elisaria E, et al. Determining the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Availability, Use, and Readiness of Family Planning and Contraceptive Services at Selected Primary Health Care Facilities in Africa and Asia: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2023;12:e43329. Published 2023 May 10. doi:10.2196/43329

Maceira D, Oizerovich S, Perrotta G, et al. Acceptability and continuation of use of the subdermal contraceptive implant among adolescents and young women in Argentina: a retrospective cohort study. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2023;31(1):2189507. doi:10.1080/26410397.2023.2189507

Allagh KP, Kiarie J, Triulzi I, Kabra R. Scoping review protocol to map evidence on South-South learning exchange in family planning. BMJ Open. 2023;13(3):e061685. Published 2023 Mar 24. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061685

Borg SA, Narasimhan M, Wuliji T. Mobile learning to support health workers in pharmacies in expanding access to over-the-counter contraceptives: The World Health Organization Academy Learning Programme. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2022;30(1):2089084. doi:10.1080/26410397.2022.2089084

2022

Steyn PS, Cordero JP, Nai D, et al. Impact of community and provider-driven social accountability interventions on contraceptive uptake in Ghana and Tanzania. Int J Equity Health. 2022;21(1):142. Published 2022 Sep 28. doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01736-y

Pyra M, Heffron R, Haberer JE, Kiarie J. HIV prevention metrics: lessons to be learned from contraception. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022;25(8):e25958. doi:10.1002/jia2.25958

WHO Special Issue: Contraceptive Values & Preferences, Contraception,  Volume 111, Pages 1-70 (July 2022)

Gómez Ponce de Leon R, Bahamondes MV, Hellwig F, et al. Potential of LARC to recover loss in satisfied demand for modern contraception after the COVID-19 pandemic: a case scenario analysis of Brazil and Mexico. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2022;46:e41. Published 2022 Jun 3. doi:10.26633/RPSP.2022.41

Kabra R, Danansuriya M, Moonesinghe L, et al. Improving access to quality family planning services in Nepal and Sri Lanka: insights from a South-South learning exchange. BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7(5):e008691. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008691

Bearak JM, Popinchalk A, Beavin C, et al. Country-specific estimates of unintended pregnancy and abortion incidence: a global comparative analysis of levels in 2015-2019. BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7(3):e007151. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007151

Gichangi P, Gonsalves L, Mwaisaka J, et al. Busting contraception myths and misconceptions among youth in Kwale County, Kenya: results of a digital health randomised control trial. BMJ Open. 2022;12(1):e047426. Published 2022 Jan 6. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047426

2021

Azmat SK, Lashari T, Ali M, Awan MA, Karim A. Contraceptive access, choices, and discontinuation among the urban users in Karachi, Pakistan: Findings from a comparative analysis of Pakistan demographic and health survey 2012-12 and 2017-18. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(Suppl 7)(11):S38-S44.

Azmat SK, Temmerman M, Ali M. Accessibility and uptake of modern contraceptive methods in Pakistan - a critical view on what works?. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(Suppl 7)(11):S20-S32.

Ali M, Tran NT. Defining counselling in contraceptive information and services: outcomes from an expert think tank. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2022;48(2):79-81. doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2021-201132

Ali M, Tran NT, Kabra R, Kiare J. Strengthening contraceptive counselling: gaps in knowledge and implementation research. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2022;48(4):235-237. doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2021-201104

Kim C, Nguyen AT, Berry-Bibee E, Ermias Y, Gaffield ME, Kapp N. Systemic hormonal contraception initiation after abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Contraception. 2021;103(5):291-304. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2021.01.017

2020

Steyn PS, Boydell V, Cordero JP et al. Rationale and design of a complex intervention measuring the impact and processes of social accountability applied to contraceptive programming: CaPSAI Project [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. Gates Open Res 2020, 4:26

Marston C, McGowan CR, Boydell V, Steyn P. Methods to measure effects of social accountability interventions in reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health programs: systematic review and critique. J Health Popul Nutr. 2020;39(1):13. Published 2020 Dec 7. doi:10.1186/s41043-020-00220-z

Strong K, Noor A, Aponte J, et al. Monitoring the status of selected health related sustainable development goals: methods and projections to 2030. Glob Health Action. 2020;13(1):1846903. doi:10.1080/16549716.2020.1846903

Habib N, Steyn PS, Boydell V, et al. The use of segmented regression for evaluation of an interrupted time series study involving complex intervention: the CaPSAI project experience. Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol. 2021;21(2):188-205. doi:10.1007/s10742-020-00221-9

Boydell V, Steyn PS, Cordero JP, et al. Adaptation and validation of social accountability measures in the context of contraceptive services in Ghana and Tanzania. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19(1):183. Published 2020 Oct 15. doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01286-1

Ali M, Azmat SK, Hamza HB, Rahman MM. Assessing Effectiveness of Multipurpose Voucher Scheme to Enhance Contraceptive Choices, Equity, and Child Immunization Coverage: Results of an Interventional Study from Pakistan. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020;13:1061-1074. Published 2020 Sep 30. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S245900

Belizan M, Maradiaga E, Roberti J, et al. Contraception and post abortion services: qualitative analysis of users' perspectives and experiences following Zika epidemic in Honduras. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20(1):199. Published 2020 Sep 12. doi:10.1186/s12905-020-01066-7

Gonsalves L, Martin Hilber A, Wyss K, Say L. Potentials and pitfalls of including pharmacies as youth-friendly contraception providers in low- and middle-income countries. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2021;47(1):6-8. doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200641

Chandra-Mouli V, Akwara E. Improving access to and use of contraception by adolescents: What progress has been made, what lessons have been learnt, and what are the implications for action?. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;66:107-118. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.04.003

Young Holt B, Kiarie J, Kopf GS, Nanda K, Hemmerling A, Achilles SL. Bridging the gap: advancing multipurpose prevention technologies from the lab into the hands of women. Biol Reprod. 2020;103(2):286-288. doi:10.1093/biolre/ioaa085

Gonsalves L, Wyss K, Gichangi P, Hilber AM. Pharmacists as youth-friendly service providers: documenting condom and emergency contraception dispensing in Kenya. Int J Public Health. 2020;65(4):487-496. doi:10.1007/s00038-020-01348-9

Riedel EMC, Turner DT, Kobeissi LH, Karyotaki E, Say L, Cuijpers P. The impact of psychosocial interventions on condom and contraceptive use in LMICs: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Glob Public Health. 2020;15(8):1182-1199. doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1744679

Kennedy CE, Yeh PT, Gaffield ME. Contraception values and preferences: protocol and methods for a global systematic review. Contraception. 2020;101(2):69-73. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.05.006

Tran NT, Seuc A, Tshikaya B, et al. Effectiveness of post-partum family planning interventions on contraceptive use and method mix at 1 year after childbirth in Kinshasa, DR Congo (Yam Daabo): a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(3):e399-e410. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30546-7

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